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Massachusetts transitioning from “legislative silence” (2021-2024) to codified regulation via House Bill 1930 (proposed effective July 1, 2027). “Fair Share Amendment” = 4% surtax on income >$1M (9% effective rate)…

Kansas maintains strategic “legislative silence”—NO state NIL statute, creating flexibility to adopt House settlement without repeal. KU: “FLIGHT” partnership (Walz Tetrick + Learfield) replaced Mass St. Collective (Dec 2024); $300M…

Idaho maintains strategic “legislative silence”—NO state NIL statute, creating maximum flexibility for institutions. SBOE oversight via Section III.T (“Felony Clause” = immediate removal). Boise State operates “Horseshoe Collective” (501(c)(3)) with…

Delaware adopted a “regulatory-heavy” path—Senate Bill 297 (effective July 1, 2023) adopts Revised Uniform Athlete Agents Act (RUAAA) with strict agent registration through Secretary of State. DIAA Regulation 1030 (effective…

North Dakota operates WITHOUT a state no-in-training (NIL) statute — as does South Dakota, providing strategic flexibility but no “safe harbor.” NDSU phased out the Green and Gold Collective (July…

Iowa Code Chapter 261I establishes “passive permission” NIL framework—permits activity but lacks Missouri/Nebraska-style aggressive protections. Agent certification required through state treasurer. Swarm Collective (Iowa) pivoted to alcohol licensing (Swarm Golden…

Connecticut illustrates the collision between championship-caliber athletic programs and state fiscal crisis. Legislative evolution from “restriction” (2021) to “enablement” (2022) to “revenue sharing” (2025). UConn faces $70M athletic deficit +…

South Dakota operates WITHOUT a specific state NIL statute — a strategic hands-off approach. CEO Marty Jackley’s lawsuit against the NCAA saved the Summit League ~$2 million, forcing the NCAA…

New Jersey evolved from the “Fair Play Act” (2020) to “Institutional Facilitation” via Senate Bill 4439 (July 2025). S4439 authorized direct compensation, “nationalized” collectives via “Related Entity” definition, created immunity…

Illinois was a legislative pioneer but now faces competitive pressure from Missouri’s aggressive “Sign and Earn” model. The Student-Athlete Endorsement Rights Act (2021) established the framework; HB 1175 (2022) pivoted…